![]() ![]() Positive CG (+CG) flashes effectively bring positive charge to ground (or negative charge up) and almost always have only a single return stroke. CG flashes that bring negative charge from the cloud to ground (“negative CG” or “-CG”) can have multiple return strokes, which can sometimes be seen visually as a flickering of the channel to ground. Flashes outside of the network have larger location errors and may not even be detected.Įach system may detect more than one stroke (in-cloud or return) for a single lightning flash. Location accuracy is best when lightning occurs within a network of stations. Radio signals are detected by multiple stations (at least 3) are used to determine the location of the stroke by a time-of-arrival technique. Since there are many other sources of radio noise, the systems have to first identify which bursts are likely to be caused by lightning. ![]() CG return strokes usually have larger currents that make stronger signals that are easier to detect. A “stroke” can be a fast current within the cloud, or a “return stroke” in a channel to ground. These two systems work by detecting radio waves (sferics) emitted by fast electric currents (strokes) in lightning channels. Zhang D, Cummins KL, Bitzer P et al (2019) Evaluation of the performance characteristics of the lightning imaging sensor.Severe Weather 101 Lightning Detection Lightning Detection NetworksĬurrently, cloud-to-ground (CG) and intra-cloud (IC) lightning flashes are detected and mapped in real-time by two different networks in the United States-the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), a system owned and operated by Vaisala Inc, and the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network. Watson AI, López RE, Holle RL (1994b) Diurnal lightning patterns in Arizona during the southwest monsoon. Watson AI, Holle RL, López RE (1994a) Cloud-to-ground lightning and upper-air patterns during bursts and breaks in the southwest monsoon. Valine WC, Krider EP (2002) Statistics and characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning with multiple ground contacts. Said R, Inan U, Cummins KL (2010) Long-range lightning geolocation using a VLF radio atmospheric waveform bank. Said R (2017) Towards a global lightning locating system. Reyes S, Mejia Trejo A (1991) Tropical perturbations in the eastern Pacific and the precipitation field over northwestern Mexico in relation to the ENSO phenomenon. Murphy MJ, Cramer JA, Said RK (2021) Recent history of upgrades to the U.S. Mejia JF, Douglas MW, Lamb PJ (2015) Observational investigation of relationships between moisture surges and mesoscale- to large-scale convection during the North American monsoon. Medici G, Cummins KL, Cecil DJ et al (2017) The intracloud lightning fraction in the contiguous United States. Jana S, Rajagopalan B, Alexander MA et al (2018) Understanding the dominant sources and tracks of moisture for summer rainfall in the southwest United States. Holle RL, Selover N, Cerveny R et al (2015) The weather and climate of Arizona. Holle RL, Dewan A, Said R et al (2019) Fatalities related to lightning occurrence and agriculture in Bangladesh. Holle RL, Brooks WA, Cummins KL (2020) Lightning occurrence and casualties in U.S National Parks. Holle RL, Murphy MJ (2015) Lightning in the North American Monsoon: an exploratory climatology. Holle RL (2014) Diurnal variations of NLDN-reported cloud-to-ground lightning in the United States. Higgins RW, Shi W (2005) Relationships between Gulf of California moisture surges and tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific Basin. Higgins W, Gochis D (2007) Synthesis of results from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) process study. J Climate 6:1665–1677įarfán LM, Zehnder JA (1994) Moving and stationary mesoscale convective systems over Northwest Mexico during the Southwest Area Monsoon Project. ĭouglas MW, Maddox RA, Howard K (1993) The Mexican monsoon. Paper presented at annual meeting of American geophysical union. Mon Wea Rev 137:2415–2435Ĭummins KL, Brooks WA, Holle RL (2019) Mapping the impact of local terrain on lightning ground attachment location. Īlbrecht R, Goodman SJ, Buechler DE et al (2016) Where are the lightning hotspots on earth? Bull Amer Meteor Soc 97:2051–2068Ĭorbosiero KL, Dickinson MJ, Bosart LF (2009) The contribution of Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones to the rainfall climatology of the Southwest United States. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 78:2197–2213Īdams D, Minjarez-Sosa C, Serra Y et al (2014) Mexican GPS tracks convection from North American Monsoon. Adams DK, Comrie AC (1997) The North American monsoon. ![]()
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